A 44-year-old male, who has sex with men, presented with proctalgia and peri-anal lesions. In addition, he had inguinal lymphadenopathy and ulcerated papules on his extremities, trunk, and face. On polymerase chain reaction testing, a diagnosis of monkeypox was made. Given the current prevalence, monkeypox should be considered in patients with new peri-anal lesions.

A 60-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain, distension, and constipation. A computed tomography scan showed small bowel obstruction. At laparotomy, the small bowel was found to be obstructed by a fallopian tube. The fallopian tube band was released and right-sided salpingectomy performed.

A 69-year-old man presented with right lower quadrant abdominal pain and fever. His medical history was notable for erectile dysfunction treated with an inflatable penile prosthesis. A computed tomography scan showed caecal ischaemia. Diagnostic laparoscopy (Video File) found the caecum had lodged in the empty reservoir of the penile prosthesis, causing ischaemia.

A 55-year-old woman with a prior history of laparoscopic uterine myomectomy presented with an incisional hernia. Preoperative computed tomography reported calcified lymph nodes in the mesentery. At laparotomy, multiple tumours of up to 8 cm were found. An ileocaecal resection and omentectomy were performed. Following histopathological assessment, a diagnosis of Peritoneal Leiomyomatosis was made.

A 73-year-old male presented with abdominal pain and progressive ascites. Cytological assessment of the ascites found no abnormality. An exploratory laparoscopy was performed, which was converted when miliary seeding was identified. Histopathological examination demonstrated peritoneal tuberculosis.

A 25-year-old gentleman, with chronic calcific pancreatitis and bilateral medullary nephrocalcinosis caused by hypercalcaemia, was found to have a 3.2×3.6 cm right inferior parathyroid adenoma. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the neck showed an enlarged well-defined cystic right inferior parathyroid gland located posterior to the right lobe of the thyroid with retrosternal extension. He underwent focused parathyroidectomy under the cervical block with the removal of a brown coloured cyst.

A 37-year-old female patient was referred with a widespread itchy rash, weight loss, and new-onset diabetes mellitus. Blood glucagon hormone measurement was >500 pg/ml. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy was performed. Her complaints disappeared afterwards. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for glucagonoma disease and associated symptoms.

During a laparoscopic right inguinal hernia repair, the patient’s appendix was found in an indirect hernia sac. This finding is called an Amyand’s hernia.

During laparoscopic surgery for a right inguinoscrotal hernia in an adult male patient, the patient’s testicle was seen in the hernia sac (Fig. 1). The presence of a testicle in an indirect hernia sac is not uncommon, especially in congenital hernias. Surgeons should be aware of this condition to avoid injury during repair.

A 25-year-old man, treated one year previously for a signet ring mid-rectal adenocarcinoma, presented with facial swelling and multiple nodular swellings on the neck and back. What is the diagnosis?

A 14-year-old female patient presented with progressive abdominal distension and constipation. An MRI scan was performed and the patient was taken to the operating theatre. What is the diagnosis from these intraoperative images?

A 32-year-old woman presented with pain and numbness in the right leg. Radiological imaging and subsequent core biopsy diagnosed a large sciatic notch dumbbell-shaped lipoma measuring 17 cm. What is the surgeon doing and why?

A 45-year-old woman presented with decreased mouth opening, foul smell from the oral cavity and a chain of nodular swellings over chin, neck and chest region for 3 months. These had increased in size and number over the past month. Dimpling over her left cheek and scar marks over her neck and chin region were also noted. What is the diagnosis?

A 55-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of multiple swellings on the right buttock and sacral region with a yellowish discharge. The patient frequently walked barefoot, but denied any history of trauma. Fine-needle aspiration cytology showed acute dense inflammation, nuclear debris, and numerous filamentous bacilli, which on staining revealed Gram-positive bacilli. What is the diagnosis?

A 35-year-old man presented with a 4-day history of abdominal pain and fever. Abdominal examination showed a distended abdomen with signs of localized peritonitis in the right iliac fossa. Admission blood tests included leucocytosis of 24.5 × 109/l and a C-reactive protein level of 450 mg/l. What is shown on the CT image and accompanying intraoperative photograph?

An 84-year-old man presented to the acute surgical intake with a rapidly growing painless lesion on the chest wall. He had an implantable pacemaker and defibrillator inserted a year previously. What is the diagnosis and management?

A 42-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of dyspepsia, weight loss, and vague upper abdominal pain. On examination a palpable umbilical nodule was found. What is this clinical sign called?

A 45-year-old woman with a history of an old burn injury to the chest and abdominal wall presented with a progressive ulcerated lesion on her right flank. What is the diagnosis?

A 65-year-old man with no previous surgical history presented with acute abdominal pain, vomiting, anaemia and a raised C-reactive protein level. CT was done and the patient was taken to the operating theatre. What is the diagnosis?

During diagnostic laparoscopy in a 50-year-old patient, the following intra-abdominal structure was found near the internal inguinal ring. What is the diagnosis?

A 70-year-old man presented with right upper quadrant abdominal pain and fever. Levels of serum inflammatory markers and obstructive hepatic enzymes were raised. A colectomy had previously been performed for cancer. The photograph shows the liver at laparotomy. What is the diagnosis and what is the usual clinical presentation?

What is the condition in this 68‐year‐old man following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy?

An elderly man presented with a rapidly enlarging right iliac fossa mass. CT demonstrated a 20-cm well circumscribed lobulated mass, intimately related to the caecum and terminal ileum. Biopsy was not diagnostic. During surgery it was seen that the mass appeared to arise from the mesentery. What is the likely diagnosis?

This patient had undergone distal pancreatic resection for pancreatic cancer, including resection of the coeliac trunk and portal vein. The portal vein was reconstructed with an artificial prosthesis. What has happened?

A member of the theatre team had a superficial injury to her leg from the spike of a circular stapler (CDH series, Ethicon Endosurgery, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA) that has protruded through a sharps bin (a). Here, the surgeon did not retract the spike before disposal in an overfilled bin. All team members must take care when disposing of circular staplers, beginning with the surgeon retracting the spike immediately after checking the tissue ‘doughnuts’ (b).

This patient presented with appendicitis. What is the diagnosis and how should it be managed?

What is causing pyloric obstruction in this 58-year-old woman?

This 50-year-old woman, with no previous abdominal surgery, presented with symptoms of intestinal obstruction for 3 days. Since the age of 16 years she had experienced recurrent abdominal colic. What is the cause of intestinal obstruction here?

A 35-year-old man underwent laparoscopic appendicectomy for perforated acute appendicitis. A drain was placed via the suprapubic trocar at the end of surgery. After operation, the urinary catheter bag was found to be filled with air. What is the diagnosis?